内容提要：长期以来，人们总觉得法治是最好的治理方式，而将人治、德治避而不提。最近，江泽民同志提出的依法治国与以德治国相结合的新主张，从而使人治、法治、德治三者之间的关系如何处理，成为理论界和实务界急需解决的一个问题。本文试图从人治与法治之争着手，在理清了二者的关系之后，再讨论德治，以期获取解决这一问题的一条捷径。全文共分五个部分，第一部分是导论，由抗击非典斗争引出对法治优越论的置疑，并联系江泽民的法治德治相结合的新主张，提出法治存有不足，人治法治各有所长，应从历史角度加以审视；第二至四部分是正文，分别探讨中西方古代、中世纪及近代、现代这三个不同的历史时期人治法治的理论与实践，主要介绍了古希腊和中国先秦时期、罗马帝国和中国封建社会、中世纪及近代西方、近代中国、前苏联和新中国这几大块的人治、法治之争。第五部分是结论，先总结前面的内容，提出人治与法治是可以结合的，并由此对江泽民同志提出的依法治国与以德治国相结合的新主张作深入分析，主张德治与法治并无太大关系，德治是人治的主要表现形式。
> 主题词：法治 人治 德治
>
> Abstact：
> For a long time, people always think that it is the best administration way to under the rule of law, and rule by men 、the rule of virtue be avoided without mentioning. Recently,Comrade Jiang Zemin put forward new opinion that running the country according to law and running the country with morality be combined together, making how relation of three deal with rule of men, rule of law, rule of virtue become a problem badly in need of solution of theory circle and practice circle . This article attempt to set about from the battle between rule of men and rule of law , after clarfy the relation of two,it is discussed the rule of virtue , in the hope of obtain a shortcut to solve this problem.The article divide into five parts altogether, the first part is the introduction, it is quoted from the struggle against SARS that there was an doubt of the theory of rule of law is superior, Getting in touch with the new opinion that rule of law and rule of virtue be combined together proposed by Jiang Zemin , it is proposed that rule of law having deficiency, rule of men and rule of law have their own strong points each , should be examined from the historical angle closely;Arrange from the Second to the fourth part is the maintext,it is probed into the theory and practice under rule of law and rule of men in Chinese and Western side in three different historical periods (ancient times, Middle Ages, modern times) separately , Introduced the battle between rule of men and rule of law in ancient Greece and period forward to Qin, Rome empire and Chinese feudal society, Middle Ages and modern West, modern China, the former Soviet Union, New China.The fifth part is the conclusion, it is summarized above content firstly , proposed that rule of men and rule of law be combined, and therefore make a deep analysis on the new opinion that running the country according to law and running the country with morality be combined together proposed by Comrade Jiang Zemin ,and put forward that rule of virtue and rule by law have no big relation , rule of virtue is the main form of expression by rule of men.
> Keyword:rule of men rule of law rule of virtue
> 目录
> 一）导论
> 二）古代中西方有关人治与法治的探讨
> 1.理论
> 1）古希腊的人治论与法治论 2）中国先秦百家对人治与法治的论述
> 2.实践
> 1）罗马帝国 2）中国封建社会
> 三）中世纪及近代中西方有关人治与法治的探讨
> 1.理论
> 1）中世纪托马斯等人的思想 2）启蒙运动时的思想
> 2.实践
> 1）专制主义与资产阶级大革命 2）启蒙运动对近代中国的影响
> 四）新中国与前苏联有关人治与法治的探讨
> 1.理论
> 1）维辛斯基等人的思想 2）中国的人治法治大讨论
> 2.实践
> 1）前苏联的法治之路 2）新中国的法治之路
> 五）结论
> 一）导论
> 人治与法治谁优谁劣，向来存在争论。主张人治的人说，人与人不同，有一部分人因为得到了上天的授权，或者因为本身的杰出素质而取得管理另一部分人的权力；主张法治的人说，世上从来就没有什么大彻大悟者能永远不犯错误地引领人们永远沿着正确的方向行走。在人治者眼里，法律是智者调度别人的工具，是统治者手持的利器；而法治论者则告诉人们，法律本身就是政治，它自己就代表着公平、正义、平等和自由，它要求一切人都平等地臣服于自己。
> 从表面上看，法治似乎博得了人民的普遍认同，但人治却从来就没有消失过。在抗击非典的斗争中，这两种治理模式都发挥了应有的作用。人治通过动员社会、任免官吏、立军令状、隔离观察等方式控制疫情，法治则通过对现有法规作出及时的修改、补充、解释消除隐患。人治与法治好比两个势均力敌的拳击手，谁也没办法轻易打倒对方。它们之间的斗争并没有结束。新千年，江泽民同志在全国宣传部长会议上作重要讲话，提出依法治国与以德治国相结合的新主张，这一主张被写入党的十六大报告。在理论界，法治论的统治地位受到置疑，德治、人治、法治三者之间的关系如何处理，开始困扰着人们的心灵。
> 本文试图从法治取代人治的历史进程入手，以自己不成熟的见解，澄清一些理论上的悬案，回答以上问题。在介绍若干人治论和法治论方面的专家学说和社会实践的同时，笔者也想指出人治与法治两种模式各自存在的利与弊，让读者看清依法治国与以德治国相结合的治国方略的确立是来之不易的。
> 二）古代西方有关人治与法治的探讨
> 1)古希腊的人治与法治论
> 古希腊是西方文明的发祥地。法学界认为那儿也是现代法治精神的摇篮。很多人一提到希腊，就联想到亚里士多德的“法治”主张和雅典宪法。如果我们仔细审查那段历史，不难发现当时也存在人治与法治之争。
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